Example of Report Text Types : Borobudur Temple

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur Temple is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist monument near Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The monument comprises six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues seated inside perforated stupa.'

The monument is both a shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows a path circumambulating the monument while ascending to the top through the three levels of Buddhist cosmology, namely Kāmadhātu (the world of desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu (the world of formlessness). During the journey the monument guides the pilgrims through a system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the wall and the balustrades.

Evidence suggests Borobudur was abandoned following the 14th-century decline of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms in Java, and the Javanese conversion to Islam. Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, then the British ruler of Java, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians.

Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO, following which the monument was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Borobudur is still used for pilgrimage; once a year Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak at the monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction.

Source: borobudurpark.co.id

Example and Generic Structure of Discussion: The Advantages and the Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

The Advantages and the Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

Issue:

Nuclear energy is commonly offered as an alternative to overcome the crisis of energy. The debate of whether the use of nuclear energy is an appropriate choice has not come to an end. Some people agree with the utilization of it because of its benefits. Some others, however, disagree because of its risks to the environment.

Argument ‘pro’:

Those who agree with the operation of nuclear reactors usually argue that nuclear energy is the only feasible choice to answer the ever-increasing energy needs. In their opinion, the other sources of energy: oil, coal, and liquid natural gas are not renewable and safe, while nuclear energy can be sustainable when produced in a safe way.

Argument "contra":

However, people who disagree with the use of nuclear energy point out that the waste of nuclear products can completely destroy the environment and human lives. A meltdown in a reactor, for example, usually results in the contamination of the surrounding soil and water. Take for example, the blow up of the nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station in Russia twenty years ago. The serious contamination imperiled people and the environment severely.

Conclusion:

It is obvious that nuclear energy should be avoided because it really endangers the environment but what about a less polluted energy instead of nuclear energy? Is there any alternative energy to overcome the crisis of energy?

Example and generic structure of descriptive: Natural Bridge National Park

Generic Structures f descriptive are:

1. Identification
2. Description

Natural Bridge National Park

Identification

Natural Bridge National Park is a luscious tropical rainforest.

Description

It is located 110 kilometers south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by traveling through the Numinbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park. The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural ‘arch’ and the cave through which a waterfall cascades is a short 1 kilometer walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night-time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms. Picnic areas offer toilets, barbecues, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however, overnight camping is not permitted.

Example and Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition

Australia - Indonesia Youth Exchange Program

Thesis:

The Australian-Indonesian Youth Exchange Program (AIYEP) which began in 1981 is beneficial for both young people of Indonesia and Australia, and two countries themselves. This is also for a number of reasons.

Argument 1:

First the participants can get an opportunity for first-hand experience of living in and being an active pasrt of another culture. Their experience is from a rural stay in which the groups live in a village, and an urban stay where they live in town/city. In the two placed they stay with host families.

Argument 2:

Besides they can develop their personality in teamwork and negotiating skills, leadership, confidence, adaptability, etc. This is so because they are given a chance to undertake a community-based work and social activities in the urban stay.

Argument 3:

Moreover they can have practical experience and the development of skill related to their academic studies or personal career paths. The experience can be obtained through undertaking work experience related to their chosen fields of study or expertise, wherever possible.

Argument 4:

Not only for the participants, but the countries also get benefit from the program. It can contribute to a more stable and enduring relationship between Indonesia and Australia, increases people to people contacts and institutional  links, and can develop a greater understanding of present Australia-Indonesia relationship and possibilities for future cooperate and involvement.

Reiteration:

Thus AIYEP has proven to be a fruitful program.

Source:
Buku Inggris SMA XI by Drs. Sukarni 

Discussion Text

Social Function:

• To present (at least) two points of view about an issue.

Generic structure:

1. issue

consists of statement and preview

2. arguments for (pro) and against (contra) or statements of different point of view

consists of point and elaboration

3. conclusion or recommendation

significant language features:

• Focus on generic human and non human participants
• Use of material processes (e.g has produced, have developed, to feed, etc), relational processes (e.g. could have, cause, are), and mental processes (e.g . feel, think, etc).
• Use comparative, contrastive and consequential conjunction

Source: Discussion Text

Hortatory Exposition

Purpose :

• to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.

Text Organization

• A thesis
• Arguments
• Recommendation

Language Features:

• The use of emotive words (e.g. worried, alarmed etc)
• The use of words that qualify statements (e.g. usual, probably etc)
• The use of words that link arguments (e.g. firstly, However, therefore etc)
• The use of compound and complex sentence
• The use of modals and adverbs (e.g. may, must, should, etc)
• The use of subjective opinions using pronouns I and we

Source: Hortatory Exposition

Review Text

Purpose:

•  To critique an art work, event for a public audience.

Examples: work of arts include: movies, TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitions, concerts and ballets

Generic Structure:

• Orientation:

Place the work in its general and particular context, often by comparing it with others of its kind or

through analogue with a non-art object or event.

• Interpretive Recount

Summarizes the plot and/or provides an account of how the reviewed rendition of the work came into

being; is optional, but if present, often recursive.

• Evaluation (It can be more than one evaluation)

provides an evaluation of the work and/or its performance or production; is usually recursive

• Evaluative summation (Summary)

provides a kind of punch line which sums up the reviewer’s opinion of the art event as a whole; is

optional.

Language features:

• Focus on Particular Participants (Participant tertentu)
• Direct expression of options through use of Attitudinal Epithets in nominal groups; qualitative Attributes and Affective Mental Processes
• Use Adjectives showing attitude, e.g.: good, bad, etc.
• Use of long and complex clauses
• Use of metaphorical language (e.g., the wit was there, dexterously ping ponged to and from …) 

Source: Review Text

Generic Structure of Spoof: Penguin in the park

ORIENTATION:

Once a man was walking in a park when he came across a penguin.

EVENT:

He took him to a policeman and said, “I have just found this penguin. What should I do ? The policeman replied, “Take him to the zoo.”

EVENT:

The next day the policeman saw the same man in the same park and the man was still carrying the penguin with him. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked, ”Why are you still carrying that penguin about ? Didn’t you take it to the zoo ?” “I certainly did, “ replied the man.

TWIST:

“and it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so today I’m taking him to the movies !” 

Source: Generic structure of spoof

Spoof Text

Purpose:

It is used to tell an odd and funny event based on the real life. Spoof is aimed at entertaining the readers and It is usually ended by an unexpected event (TWIST).

Generic Structure:

• ORIENTATION (Pengenalan): provides information about the setting (when and where) and introduces participants/character (who)
• EVENTS (Rekaman Peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan yang biasanya disajikan dengan urutan kronoligis): tell what happened, in temporal sequence (personal comment/expression of evaluation).
• TWIST (Unexpected Ending or Funny)

Language Features:

• Focus on person, animal, certain thing.
• Use of action verbs, e.g.: run, eat, etc.
• Using adverbs of time and place
• Use of Simple Past Tense
• Told in chronological order
• Action verbs/material processes (went, slept, ran, caught, arrived, bought, looked at) E.g. He went to the zoo; She was happy.
• Temporal sequence (on Friday, one day, at the beginning, in the end, first, then, next, before, later, finally, etc) 

Source: Spoof Text 

Example of Analytical Exposition: Money

With money we can buy the things that we need every day. And there are many things that money can do.

Money is first of all a means of exchange. If you want to exchange some books that you do not need for a shirt, you may try to find someone who needs your books and who has the shirt that you want. But it is often hard to organize an exchange. It is easier to sell the books and then buy the shirt that you like.

Money is also a means of measuring the value of other things. It is easier to say how many rupiah a cow costs than to say that it has the same value as five goats.

We can also store value with money. It foes not spoil as fish or fruit or vegetables do when they are sold. The cost of things, of course, may change as time goes on and money that you have today may be less in the future. If it loses a lot of its value, money woll be a bad means of storing value. Then it will spoil farmer’s production spoil.

Finally, money is a means for making payments. You may buy a bicycle now and pay for it in five months, and make a payment of one-fifth on the cost every month. This is better than buying one-fifth of a bicycle at a time and not riding it until you have bought all parts. Many shopkeepers are happy to do this for you if your credit is good. That is, if you always make your payment on time.

Source: example of analytical exposition 

 

Analytical Exposition

An analytical exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the listeners or readers that something is the case. To make the persuasion stronger, the speaker or writer gives some arguments as the fundamental reasons why something is the case. This type of text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Analytical expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people.

A. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition

1. Thesis : Introduces the topic and shows speaker or writer’s position; Outlines of the arguments are presented.
2. Arguments : It consists about Point and Elaboration Point, states the main argument Elaboration, develops and supports each point of argument
3. Conclusion : Reiteration (restatement), restates speaker or writer’s position

B. Generic Features

An analytical exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants. It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc. It uses emotive and evaluative words. It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc. It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense. Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.

Source: Analytical exposition

Example of Generic Structure: Narrative

Snow White and Seven Dwarf

Orientation

Once upon the time the live a little girl named snow White.

Complication; Development of the crises

One day she heard her uncle and aunt talking About leaving Snow White in the castle because They both wanted to go to American and they Didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.

Resolution of the crises

Snow White did not want her uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away into the woods 

Complication; Development of the crises

Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep 

Resolution of the crises

Mean while, she seven dwarfs were coming home from work They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up She saw the dwarfs said, “What is your name? Snow White said, “My name is Snow White” And, one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, You my live here with us. Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then Snow White told the dwarfs the hole story and snow white and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.

Source: text-types.com

Narrative

Narrative:

• IT IS USED TO ENTERTAIN, that is to gain and hold the reader’s interest in a story.
• TO TEACH and TO INFORM writer’s reflections on experience
• IT CAN BE IMAGINARY or FACTUAL (fairy tales, mysteries, fables, romances, adventures stories, myths and legends), or it can be complicated event that leads to a crises that finally find a solution.

Generic Structure:

ORIENTATION

• introduces participants/character (who)
• sets the scene (when & where)

COMPLICATION

• Development of a Crises: a crisis arises, something happened unexpectedly

RESOLUTION

• Solution of the crisis: for better or for worse

RE-ORIENTATION

•  closing to the narrative (optional)
• coda: changes of characters, lesson taken from the story

Language Features:

• Certain nouns are as pronoun of person, animal, certain thing in a story. E.g.. Stepsister, house work.
• Adjectives that form noun phrases, for example : long black air, two red apples, etc.
• Time connectives and conjunction to arrange the events, for example: then, before that, soon, etc.
• Adverb and adverbial phrase to point the place of event, for example: here, in the mountain, happily ever after.

• Action verbs are past tense: stayed, climbed, etc.
• Saying verbs that refer to what the human participants said, told, promised; and thinking verbs indicating thought, perception or feeling of the characters in a story, for example: felt, thought, understood
• Dialog often included and the tenses change according to the circumstances

Next --> Read example and Generic Structure of Narrative.

Source: text-types.com