Discussion Text

Social Function:

• To present (at least) two points of view about an issue.

Generic structure:

1. issue

consists of statement and preview

2. arguments for (pro) and against (contra) or statements of different point of view

consists of point and elaboration

3. conclusion or recommendation

significant language features:

• Focus on generic human and non human participants
• Use of material processes (e.g has produced, have developed, to feed, etc), relational processes (e.g. could have, cause, are), and mental processes (e.g . feel, think, etc).
• Use comparative, contrastive and consequential conjunction

Source: Discussion Text

Hortatory Exposition

Purpose :

• to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.

Text Organization

• A thesis
• Arguments
• Recommendation

Language Features:

• The use of emotive words (e.g. worried, alarmed etc)
• The use of words that qualify statements (e.g. usual, probably etc)
• The use of words that link arguments (e.g. firstly, However, therefore etc)
• The use of compound and complex sentence
• The use of modals and adverbs (e.g. may, must, should, etc)
• The use of subjective opinions using pronouns I and we

Source: Hortatory Exposition

Review Text

Purpose:

•  To critique an art work, event for a public audience.

Examples: work of arts include: movies, TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitions, concerts and ballets

Generic Structure:

• Orientation:

Place the work in its general and particular context, often by comparing it with others of its kind or

through analogue with a non-art object or event.

• Interpretive Recount

Summarizes the plot and/or provides an account of how the reviewed rendition of the work came into

being; is optional, but if present, often recursive.

• Evaluation (It can be more than one evaluation)

provides an evaluation of the work and/or its performance or production; is usually recursive

• Evaluative summation (Summary)

provides a kind of punch line which sums up the reviewer’s opinion of the art event as a whole; is

optional.

Language features:

• Focus on Particular Participants (Participant tertentu)
• Direct expression of options through use of Attitudinal Epithets in nominal groups; qualitative Attributes and Affective Mental Processes
• Use Adjectives showing attitude, e.g.: good, bad, etc.
• Use of long and complex clauses
• Use of metaphorical language (e.g., the wit was there, dexterously ping ponged to and from …) 

Source: Review Text

Generic Structure of Spoof: Penguin in the park

ORIENTATION:

Once a man was walking in a park when he came across a penguin.

EVENT:

He took him to a policeman and said, “I have just found this penguin. What should I do ? The policeman replied, “Take him to the zoo.”

EVENT:

The next day the policeman saw the same man in the same park and the man was still carrying the penguin with him. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked, ”Why are you still carrying that penguin about ? Didn’t you take it to the zoo ?” “I certainly did, “ replied the man.

TWIST:

“and it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so today I’m taking him to the movies !” 

Source: Generic structure of spoof

Spoof Text

Purpose:

It is used to tell an odd and funny event based on the real life. Spoof is aimed at entertaining the readers and It is usually ended by an unexpected event (TWIST).

Generic Structure:

• ORIENTATION (Pengenalan): provides information about the setting (when and where) and introduces participants/character (who)
• EVENTS (Rekaman Peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan yang biasanya disajikan dengan urutan kronoligis): tell what happened, in temporal sequence (personal comment/expression of evaluation).
• TWIST (Unexpected Ending or Funny)

Language Features:

• Focus on person, animal, certain thing.
• Use of action verbs, e.g.: run, eat, etc.
• Using adverbs of time and place
• Use of Simple Past Tense
• Told in chronological order
• Action verbs/material processes (went, slept, ran, caught, arrived, bought, looked at) E.g. He went to the zoo; She was happy.
• Temporal sequence (on Friday, one day, at the beginning, in the end, first, then, next, before, later, finally, etc) 

Source: Spoof Text